Ink supply cartridge for a printhead assembly

ABSTRACT

Provided is an ink supply cartridge for a printhead assembly having a printhead integrated circuit (IC) and a guide assembly for guiding ink to the IC. The ink supply cartridge includes a first U-shaped top portion defining side walls, and a second base portion for complementarily receiving the first portion so that the side walls define elongate ink reservoirs together with the base portion. The base portion includes an end portion defining a series of air inlets with convoluted winding channels leading to the ink reservoirs, said channels hydrophobically treated to prevent ink escaping from the channels.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a Continuation of Ser. No. 11/239,031 filed on Sep. 30, 2005, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,404,617, which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 11/026,147 filed on Jan. 3, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,988,784, which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 10/729,157 filed on Dec. 8, 2003 which is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/112,774 filed on Jul. 10, 1998, now abandoned all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates substantially to the concept of a disposable camera having instant printing capabilities and in particular, discloses a printhead assembly for a digital camera system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recently, the concept of a “single use” disposable camera has become an increasingly popular consumer item. Disposable camera systems presently on the market normally include an internal film roll and a simplified gearing mechanism for traversing the film roll across an imaging system including a shutter and lensing system. The user, after utilizing a single film roll returns the camera system to a film development center for processing. The film roll is taken out of the camera system and processed and the prints returned to the user. The camera system can then be re-manufactured through the insertion of a new film roll into the camera system, the replacement of any worn or wearable parts and the re-packaging of the camera system in accordance with requirements. In this way, the concept of a single use “disposable” camera is provided to the consumer.

Recently, a camera system has been proposed by the present applicant which provides for a handheld camera device having an internal print head, image sensor and processing means such that images sense by the image sensing means, are processed by the processing means and adapted to be instantly printed out by the printing means on demand. The proposed camera system further discloses a system of internal “print rolls” carrying print media such as film on to which images are to be printed in addition to ink to supplying the printing means for the printing process. The print roll is further disclosed to be detachable and replaceable within the camera system.

Unfortunately, such a system is likely to only be constructed at a substantial cost and it would be desirable to provide for a more inexpensive form of instant camera system which maintains a substantial number of the quality aspects of the aforementioned arrangement.

It would be further advantageous to provide for the effective interconnection of the sub components of a camera system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a printhead assembly for a camera system having a chassis and a platen assembly that is mountable on the chassis, the platen assembly being configured to support passage of a print medium along a printing path, the printhead assembly comprising

an ink reservoir assembly that is mountable on the chassis and defines at least three ink reservoirs in which differently colored inks are received, the ink reservoir assembly defining an outlet;

a guide assembly that is positioned in the ink reservoir assembly to define at least three discrete ink paths that open at the outlet; and

at least one printhead integrated circuit that is positioned in the outlet to span the printing path, the, or each, printhead integrated circuit defining at least three sets of inlet apertures, each set of inlet apertures being aligned with a respective ink path.

The ink reservoir assembly may define three ink reservoirs and the guide assembly may define three discrete ink paths.

Both the ink reservoir assembly and the guide assembly may be elongate to span the printing path. The ink reservoir assembly may include an elongate base member and an elongate cover member, the cover member having a roof wall, a pair of opposed side walls and a pair of spaced inner walls, the side walls and the inner walls depending from the roof wall and being generally parallel to each other and the base member having a floor and a pair of opposed end walls and defining an elongate opening in which the printhead integrated circuits are mounted, the guide assembly being interposed between lower ends of the inner walls and the floor.

The guide assembly may include a pair of guide walls that extend from respective lower ends of the inner walls inwardly towards the elongate opening to define the three distinct ink paths that terminate at respective sets of inlet apertures of the printhead integrated circuits.

The base member, the cover member and the guide assembly may be molded of a plastics material.

One of the end walls may define a number of air inlet openings that are treated to be hydrophobic to permit the ingress of air into the ink reservoirs as ink is fed from the ink reservoirs and to inhibit the egress of ink.

A sponge-like member may be positioned in each ink reservoir to store the ink while inhibiting agitation of ink during general use of the camera system.

The invention extends to a camera system that includes a printhead assembly as described above.

In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided in a camera system comprising: an image sensor device for sensing an image; a processing means for processing the sensed image; a print media supply means for the supply of print media to a print head; a print head for printing the sensed image on the print media stored internally to the camera system; a portable power supply interconnected to the print head, the sensor and the processing means; and a guillotine mechanism located between the print media supply means and the print head and adapted to cut the print media into sheets of a predetermined size.

Further, preferably, the guillotine mechanism is detachable from the camera system. The guillotine mechanism can be attached to the print media supply means and is detachable from the camera system with the print media supply means. The guillotine mechanism can be mounted on a platen unit below the print head.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a front perspective view of the assembled camera of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates a rear perspective view, partly exploded, of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the chassis of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the chassis illustrating mounting of electric motors;

FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective of the ink supply mechanism of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 6 is rear perspective of the assembled form of the ink supply mechanism of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of the assembled form of the ink supply mechanism of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of the platen unit of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the assembled form of the platen unit;

FIG. 10 is also a perspective view of the assembled form of the platen unit;

FIG. 11 is an exploded perspective view of the printhead recapping mechanism of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a close up exploded perspective of the recapping mechanism of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective of the ink supply cartridge of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a close up perspective, view partly in section, of the internal portions of the ink supply cartridge in an assembled form;

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram of one form of integrated circuit layer of the image capture and processing integrated circuit of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 16 is an exploded view perspective illustrating the assembly process of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 17 illustrates a front exploded perspective view of the assembly process of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 18 illustrates a perspective view of the assembly process of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 19 illustrates a perspective view of the assembly process of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 20 is a perspective view illustrating the insertion of the platen unit in the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 21 illustrates the interconnection of the electrical components of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 22 illustrates the process of assembling the preferred embodiment; and

FIG. 23 is a perspective view further illustrating the assembly process of the preferred embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

Turning initially simultaneously to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 there are illustrated perspective views of an assembled camera constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment with FIG. 1 showing a front perspective view and FIG. 2 showing a rear perspective view. The camera 1 includes a paper or plastic film jacket 2 which can include simplified instructions 3 for the operation of the camera system 1. The camera system 1 includes a first “take” button 4 which is depressed to capture an image. The captured image is output via output slot 6. A further copy of the image can be obtained through depressing a second “printer copy” button 7 whilst an LED light 5 is illuminated. The camera system also provides the usual view finder 8 in addition to a CCD image capture/lensing system 9.

The camera system 1 provides for a standard number of output prints after which the camera system 1 ceases to function. A prints left indicator slot 10 is provided to indicate the number of remaining prints. A refund scheme at the point of purchase is assumed to be operational for the return of used camera systems for recycling.

Turning now to FIG. 3, the assembly of the camera system is based around an internal chassis 12 which can be a plastic injection molded part. A pair of paper pinch rollers 28, 29 utilized for decurling are snap fitted into corresponding frame holes eg. 26, 27.

As shown in FIG. 4, the chassis 12 includes a series of mutually opposed prongs eg. 13, 14 into which is snapped fitted a series of electric motors 16, 17. The electric motors 16, 17 can be entirely standard with the motor 16 being of a stepper motor type. The motor 16, 17 include cogs 19, 20 for driving a series of gear wheels. A first set of gear wheels is provided for controlling a paper cutter mechanism and a second set is provided for controlling print roll movement.

Turning next to FIGS. 5 to 7, there is illustrated an ink supply mechanism 40 utilized in the camera system. FIG. 5 illustrates a back exploded perspective view, FIG. 6 illustrates a back assembled view and FIG. 7 illustrates a front assembled view. The ink supply mechanism 40 is based around an ink supply cartridge 42 which contains printer ink and a print head mechanism for printing out pictures on demand. The ink supply cartridge 42 includes a side aluminium strip 43 which is provided as a shear strip to assist in cutting images from a paper roll.

A dial mechanism 44 is provided for indicating the number of “prints left”. The dial mechanism 44 is snap fitted through a corresponding mating portion 46 so as to be freely rotatable.

As shown in FIG. 6, the mechanism 40 includes a flexible PCB strip 47 which interconnects with the print head and provides for control of the print head. The interconnection between the Flex PCB strip and an image sensor and print head integrated circuit can be via Tape Automated Bonding (TAB) Strips 51, 58. A moulded aspherical lens and aperture shim 50 (FIG. 5) is also provided for imaging an image onto the surface of the image sensor integrated circuit normally located within cavity 53 and a light box module or hood 52 is provided for snap fitting over the cavity 53 so as to provide for proper light control. A series of decoupling capacitors eg. 34 can also be provided. Further a plug 45 (FIG. 7) is provided for re-plugging ink holes after refilling. A series of guide prongs eg. 55-57 are further provided for guiding the flexible PCB strip 47.

The ink supply mechanism 40 interacts with a platen unit 60 which guides print media under a printhead located in the ink supply mechanism. FIG. 8 shows an exploded view of the platen unit 60, while FIGS. 9 and 10 show assembled views of the platen unit. The platen unit 60 includes a first pinch roller 61 which is snap fitted to one side of a platen base 62. Attached to a second side of the platen base 62 is a cutting mechanism 63 which traverses the platen unit 60 by means of a rod 64 having a screw thread which is rotated by means of cogged wheel 65 which is also fitted to the platen base 62. The screw threaded rod 64 mounts a block 67 which includes a cutting wheel 68 fastened via a fastener 69. Also mounted to the block 67 is a counter actuator which includes a pawl 71. The pawl 71 acts to rotate the dial mechanism 44 of FIG. 6 upon the return traversal of the cutting wheel. As shown previously in FIG. 6, the dial mechanism 44 includes a cogged surface which interacts with pawl 71, thereby maintaining a count of the number of photographs by means of numbers embossed on the surface of dial mechanism 44. The cutting mechanism 63 is inserted into the platen base 62 by means of a snap fit via clips 74.

The platen unit 60 includes an internal recapping mechanism 80 for recapping the print head when not in use. The recapping mechanism 80 includes a sponge portion 81 and is operated via a solenoid coil so as to provide for recapping of the print head. In the preferred embodiment, there is provided an inexpensive form of printhead re-capping mechanism provided for incorporation into a handheld camera system so as to provide for printhead re-capping of an inkjet printhead.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exploded view of the recapping mechanism whilst FIG. 12 illustrates a close up of the end portion thereof. The re-capping mechanism 80 is structured around a solenoid including a 16 turn coil 75 which can comprise insulated wire. The coil 75 is turned around a first stationery solenoid arm 76 which is mounted on a bottom surface of the platen base 62 (FIG. 8) and includes a post portion 77 to magnify effectiveness of operation. The arm 76 can comprise a ferrous material.

A second moveable arm 78 of the solenoid actuator is also provided. The arm 78 is moveable and is also made of ferrous material. Mounted on the arm is a sponge portion surrounded by an elastomer strip 79. The elastomer strip 79 is of a generally arcuate cross-section and act as a leaf spring against the surface of the printhead ink supply cartridge 42 (FIG. 5) so as to provide for a seal against the surface of the printhead ink supply cartridge 42. In the quiescent position an elastomer spring unit 87, 88 acts to resiliently deform the elastomer seal 79 against the surface of the ink supply unit 42.

When it is desired to operate the printhead unit, upon the insertion of paper, the solenoid coil 75 is activated so as to cause the arm 78 to move down to be adjacent to the end plate 76. The arm 78 is held against end plate 76 while the printhead is printing by means of a small “keeper current” in coil 75. Simulation results indicate that the keeper current can be significantly less than the actuation current. Subsequently, after photo printing, the paper is guillotined by the cutting mechanism 63 of FIG. 8 acting against Aluminium Strip 43, and rewound so as to clear the area of the re-capping mechanism 80. Subsequently, the current is turned off and springs 87, 88 return the arm 78 so that the elastomer seal is again resting against the printhead ink supply cartridge.

It can be seen that the preferred embodiment provides for a simple and inexpensive means of re-capping a printhead through the utilisation of a solenoid type device having a long rectangular form. Further, the preferred embodiment utilises minimal power in that currents are only required whilst the device is operational and additionally, only a low keeper current is required whilst the printhead is printing.

Turning next to FIGS. 13 and 14, FIG. 13 illustrates an exploded perspective of the ink supply cartridge 42 whilst FIG. 14 illustrates a close up sectional view of a bottom of the ink supply cartridge with the printhead unit in place. The ink supply cartridge 42 is based around a pagewidth printhead 102 which comprises a long slither of silicon having a series of holes etched on the back surface for the supply of ink to a front surface of the silicon wafer for subsequent ejection via a micro electro mechanical system. The form of ejection can be many different forms such as those set out in the tables below.

Of course, many other inkjet technologies, as referred to the attached tables below, can also be utilised when constructing a printhead unit 102. The fundamental requirement of the ink supply cartridge 42 is the supply of ink to a series of colour channels etched through the back surface of the printhead 102. In the description of the preferred embodiment, it is assumed that a three colour printing process is to be utilised so as to provide full colour picture output. Hence, the print supply unit includes three ink supply reservoirs being a cyan reservoir 104, a magenta reservoir 105 and a yellow reservoir 106. Each of these reservoirs is required to store ink and includes a corresponding sponge type material 107-109 which assists in stabilising ink within the corresponding ink channel and inhibiting the ink from sloshing back and forth when the printhead is utilised in a handheld camera system. The reservoirs 104, 105, 106 are formed through the mating of first exterior plastic piece 110 and a second base piece 111.

At a first end 118 of the base piece 111 a series of air inlet 113-115 are provided. Each air inlet leads to a corresponding winding channel which is hydrophobically treated so as to act as an ink repellent and therefore repel any ink that may flow along the air inlet channel. The air inlet channel further takes a convoluted path assisting in resisting any ink flow out of the chambers 104-106. An adhesive tape portion 117 is provided for sealing the channels within end portion 118.

At the top end, there is included a series of refill holes (not shown) for refilling corresponding ink supply chambers 104, 105, 106. A plug 121 is provided for sealing the refill holes.

Turning now to FIG. 14, there is illustrated a close up perspective view, partly in section through the ink supply cartridge 42 of FIG. 13 when formed as a unit. The ink supply cartridge includes the three colour ink reservoirs 104, 105, 106 which supply ink to different portions of the back surface of printhead 102 which includes a series of apertures 128 defined therein for carriage of the ink to the front surface.

The ink supply cartridge 42 includes two guide walls 124, 125 which separate the various ink chambers and are tapered into an end portion abutting the surface of the printhead 102. The guide walls 124, 125 are further mechanically supported by block portions eg. 126 which are placed at regular intervals along the length of the ink supply unit. The block portions 126 leave space at portions close to the back of printhead 102 for the flow of ink around the back surface thereof.

The ink supply unit is preferably formed from a multi-part plastic injection mould and the mould pieces eg. 110, 111 (FIG. 13) snap together around the sponge pieces 107, 109. Subsequently, a syringe type device can be inserted in the ink refill holes and the ink reservoirs filled with ink with the air flowing out of the air outlets 113-115. Subsequently, the adhesive tape portion 117 and plug 121 are attached and the printhead tested for operation capabilities. Subsequently, the ink supply cartridge 42 can be readily removed for refilling by means of removing the ink supply cartridge, performing a washing cycle, and then utilising the holes for the insertion of a refill syringe filled with ink for refilling the ink chamber before returning the ink supply cartridge 42 to a camera.

Turning now to FIG. 15, there is shown an example layout of the Image Capture and Processing integrated circuit (ICP) 48.

The Image Capture and Processing integrated circuit 48 provides most of the electronic functionality of the camera with the exception of the print head integrated circuit. The integrated circuit 48 is a highly integrated system. It combines CMOS image sensing, analog to digital conversion, digital image processing, DRAM storage, ROM, and miscellaneous control functions in a single integrated circuit.

The integrated circuit is estimated to be around 32 mm² using a leading edge 0.18 micron CMOS/DRAM/APS process. The integrated circuit size and cost can scale somewhat with Moore's law, but is dominated by a CMOS active pixel sensor array 201, so scaling is limited as the sensor pixels approach the diffraction limit.

The ICP 48 includes CMOS logic, a CMOS image sensor, DRAM, and analog circuitry. A very small amount of flash memory or other non-volatile memory is also preferably included for protection against reverse engineering.

Alternatively, the ICP can readily be divided into two integrated circuits: one for the CMOS imaging array, and the other for the remaining circuitry. The cost of this two integrated circuit solution should not be significantly different than the single integrated circuit ICP, as the extra cost of packaging and bond-pad area is somewhat cancelled by the reduced total wafer area requiring the color filter fabrication steps.

The ICP preferably contains the following functions:

Function 1.5 megapixel image sensor Analog Signal Processors Image sensor column decoders Image sensor row decoders Analogue to Digital Conversion (ADC) Column ADC's Auto exposure 12 Mbits of DRAM DRAM Address Generator Color interpolator Convolver Color ALU Halftone matrix ROM Digital halftoning Print head interface 8 bit CPU core Program ROM Flash memory Scratchpad SRAM Parallel interface (8 bit) Motor drive transistors (5) Clock PLL JTAG test interface Test circuits Busses Bond pads

The CPU, DRAM, Image sensor, ROM, Flash memory, Parallel interface, JTAG interface and ADC can be vendor supplied cores. The ICP is intended to run on 1.5V to minimize power consumption and allow convenient operation from two AA type battery cells.

FIG. 15 illustrates a layout of the ICP 48. The ICP 48 is dominated by the imaging array 201, which consumes around 80% of the integrated circuit area. The imaging array is a CMOS 4 transistor active pixel design with a resolution of 1,500×1,000. The array can be divided into the conventional configuration, with two green pixels, one red pixel, and one blue pixel in each pixel group. There are 750×500 pixel groups in the imaging array.

The latest advances in the field of image sensing and CMOS image sensing in particular can be found in the October, 1997 issue of IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices and, in particular, pages 1689 to 1968. Further, a specific implementation similar to that disclosed in the present application is disclosed in Wong et. al, “CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors Fabricated Using a 1.8V, 0.25 μm CMOS Technology”, IEDM 1996, page 915

The imaging array uses a 4 transistor active pixel design of a standard configuration. To minimize integrated circuit area and therefore cost, the image sensor pixels should be as small as feasible with the technology available. With a four transistor cell, the typical pixel size scales as 20 times the lithographic feature size. This allows a minimum pixel area of around 3.6 μm×3.6 μm. However, the photosite must be substantially above the diffraction limit of the lens. It is also advantageous to have a square photosite, to maximize the margin over the diffraction limit in both horizontal and vertical directions. In this case, the photosite can be specified as 2.5 μm×2.5 μm. The photosite can be a photogate, pinned photodiode, charge modulation device, or other sensor.

The four transistors are packed as an ‘L’ shape, rather than a rectangular region, to allow both the pixel and the photosite to be square. This reduces the transistor packing density slightly, increasing pixel size. However, the advantage in avoiding the diffraction limit is greater than the small decrease in packing density.

The transistors also have a gate length which is longer than the minimum for the process technology. These have been increased from a drawn length of 0.18 micron to a drawn length of 0.36 micron. This is to improve the transistor matching by making the variations in gate length represent a smaller proportion of the total gate length.

The extra gate length, and the ‘L’ shaped packing, mean that the transistors use more area than the minimum for the technology. Normally, around 8 μm² would be required for rectangular packing. Preferably, 9.75 μm² has been allowed for the transistors.

The total area for each pixel is 16 μm², resulting from a pixel size of 4 μm×4 μm. With a resolution of 1,500×1,000, the area of the imaging array 101 is 6,000 μm×4,000 μm, or 24 mm².

The presence of a color image sensor on the integrated circuit affects the process required in two major ways:

-   -   The CMOS fabrication process should be optimized to minimize         dark current

Color filters are required. These can be fabricated using dyed photosensitive polyimides, resulting in an added process complexity of three spin coatings, three photolithographic steps, three development steps, and three hardbakes.

There are 15,000 analog signal processors (ASPs) 205, one for each of the columns of the sensor. The ASPs amplify the signal, provide a dark current reference, sample and hold the signal, and suppress the fixed pattern noise (FPN).

There are 375 analog to digital converters 206, one for each four columns of the sensor array. These may be delta-sigma or successive approximation type ADC's. A row of low column ADC's are used to reduce the conversion speed required, and the amount of analog signal degradation incurred before the signal is converted to digital. This also eliminates the hot spot (affecting local dark current) and the substrate coupled noise that would occur if a single high speed ADC was used. Each ADC also has two four bit DAC's which trim the offset and scale of the ADC to further reduce FPN variations between columns. These DAC's are controlled by data stored in flash memory during integrated circuit testing.

The column select logic 204 is a 1:1500 decoder which enables the appropriate digital output of the ADCs onto the output bus. As each ADC is shared by four columns, the least significant two bits of the row select control 4 input analog multiplexors.

A row decoder 207 is a 1:1000 decoder which enables the appropriate row of the active pixel sensor array. This selects which of the 1000 rows of the imaging array is connected to analog signal processors. As the rows are always accessed in sequence, the row select logic can be implemented as a shift register.

An auto exposure system 208 adjusts the reference voltage of the ADC 205 in response to the maximum intensity sensed during the previous frame period. Data from the green pixels is passed through a digital peak detector. The peak value of the image frame period before capture (the reference frame) is provided to a digital to analogue converter (DAC), which generates the global reference voltage for the column ADCs. The peak detector is reset at the beginning of the reference frame. The minimum and maximum values of the three RGB color components are also collected for color correction.

The second largest section of the integrated circuit is consumed by a DRAM 210 used to hold the image. To store the 1,500×1,000 image from the sensor without compression, 1.5 Mbytes of DRAM 210 are required. This equals 12 Mbits, or slightly less than 5% of a 256 Mbit DRAM. The DRAM technology assumed is of the 256 Mbit generation implemented using 0.18 μm CMOS.

Using a standard 8F cell, the area taken by the memory array is 3.11 mm². When row decoders, column sensors, redundancy, and other factors are taken into account, the DRAM requires around 4 mm².

This DRAM 210 can be mostly eliminated if analog storage of the image signal can be accurately maintained in the CMOS imaging array for the two seconds required to print the photo. However, digital storage of the image is preferable as it is maintained without degradation, is insensitive to noise, and allows copies of the photo to be printed considerably later.

A DRAM address generator 211 provides the write and read addresses to the DRAM 210. Under normal operation, the write address is determined by the order of the data read from the CMOS image sensor 201. This will typically be a simple raster format. However, the data can be read from the sensor 201 in any order, if matching write addresses to the DRAM are generated. The read order from the DRAM 210 will normally simply match the requirements of a color interpolator and the print head. As the cyan, magenta, and yellow rows of the print head are necessarily offset by a few pixels to allow space for nozzle actuators, the colors are not read from the DRAM simultaneously. However, there is plenty of time to read all of the data from the DRAM many times during the printing process. This capability is used to eliminate the need for FIFOs in the print head interface, thereby saving integrated circuit area. All three RGB image components can be read from the DRAM each time color data is required. This allows a color space converter to provide a more sophisticated conversion than a simple linear RGB to CMY conversion.

Also, to allow two dimensional filtering of the image data without requiring line buffers, data is re-read from the DRAM array.

The address generator may also implement image effects in certain models of camera. For example, passport photos are generated by a manipulation of the read addresses to the DRAM. Also, image framing effects (where the central image is reduced), image warps, and kaleidoscopic effects can all be generated by manipulating the read addresses of the DRAM.

While the address generator 211 may be implemented with substantial complexity if effects are built into the standard integrated circuit, the integrated circuit area required for the address generator is small, as it consists only of address counters and a moderate amount of random logic.

A color interpolator 214 converts the interleaved pattern of red, 2× green, and blue pixels into RGB pixels. It consists of three 8 bit adders and associated registers. The divisions are by either 2 (for green) or 4 (for red and blue) so they can be implemented as fixed shifts in the output connections of the adders.

A convolver 215 is provided as a sharpening filter which applies a small convolution kernel (5×5) to the red, green, and blue planes of the image. The convolution kernel for the green plane is different from that of the red and blue planes, as green has twice as many samples. The sharpening filter has five functions:

-   -   To improve the color interpolation from the linear interpolation         provided by the color interpolator, to a close approximation of         a sinc interpolation.     -   To compensate for the image ‘softening’ which occurs during         digitization.     -   To adjust the image sharpness to match average consumer         preferences, which are typically for the image to be slightly         sharper than reality. As the single use camera is intended as a         consumer product, and not a professional photographic products,         the processing can match the most popular settings, rather than         the most accurate.     -   To suppress the sharpening of high frequency (individual pixel)         noise. The function is similar to the ‘unsharp mask’ process.     -   To antialias Image Warping.

These functions are all combined into a single convolution matrix. As the pixel rate is low (less than 1 Mpixel per second) the total number of multiplies required for the three color channels is 56 million multiplies per second. This can be provided by a single multiplier. Fifty bytes of coefficient ROM are also required.

A color ALU 113 combines the functions of color compensation and color space conversion into the one matrix multiplication, which is applied to every pixel of the frame. As with sharpening, the color correction should match the most popular settings, rather than the most accurate.

A color compensation circuit of the color ALU provides compensation for the lighting of the photo. The vast majority of photographs are substantially improved by a simple color compensation, which independently normalizes the contrast and brightness of the three color components.

A color look-up table (CLUT) 212 is provided for each color component. These are three separate 256×8 SRAMs, requiring a total of 6,144 bits. The CLUTs are used as part of the color correction process. They are also used for color special effects, such as stochastically selected “wild color” effects.

A color space conversion system of the color ALU converts from the RGB color space of the image sensor to the CMY color space of the printer. The simplest conversion is a 1's complement of the RGB data. However, this simple conversion assumes perfect linearity of both color spaces, and perfect dye spectra for both the color filters of the image sensor, and the ink dyes. At the other extreme is a tri-linear interpolation of a sampled three dimensional arbitrary transform table. This can effectively match any non-linearity or differences in either color space. Such a system is usually necessary to obtain good color space conversion when the print engine is a color electrophotographic

However, since the non-linearity of a halftoned ink jet output is very small, a simpler system can be used. A simple matrix multiply can provide excellent results. This requires nine multiplies and six additions per contone pixel. However, since the contone pixel rate is low (less than 1 Mpixel/sec) these operations can share a single multiplier and adder. The multiplier and adder are used in a color ALU which is shared with the color compensation function.

Digital halftoning can be performed as a dispersed dot ordered dither using a stochastic optimized dither cell. A halftone matrix ROM 216 is provided for storing dither cell coefficients. A dither cell size of 32×32 is adequate to ensure that the cell repeat cycle is not visible. The three colors—cyan, magenta, and yellow—are all dithered using the same cell, to ensure maximum co-positioning of the ink dots. This minimizes ‘muddying’ of the mid-tones which results from bleed of dyes from one dot to adjacent dots while still wet. The total ROM size required is 1 KByte, as the one ROM is shared by the halftoning units for each of the three colors.

The digital halftoning used is dispersed dot ordered dither with stochastic optimized dither matrix. While dithering does not produce an image quite as ‘sharp’ as error diffusion, it does produce a more accurate image with fewer artifacts. The image sharpening produced by error diffusion is artificial, and less controllable and accurate than ‘unsharp mask’ filtering performed in the contone domain. The high print resolution (1,600 dpi×1,600 dpi) results in excellent quality when using a well formed stochastic dither matrix.

Digital halftoning is performed by a digital halftoning unit 217 using a simple comparison between the contone information from the DRAM 210 and the contents of the dither matrix 216. During the halftone process, the resolution of the image is changed from the 250 dpi of the captured contone image to the 1,600 dpi of the printed image. Each contone pixel is converted to an average of 40.96 halftone dots.

The ICP incorporates a 16 bit microcontroller CPU core 219 to run the miscellaneous camera functions, such as reading the buttons, controlling the motor and solenoids, setting up the hardware, and authenticating the refill station. The processing power required by the CPU is very modest, and a wide variety of processor cores can be used. As the entire CPU program is run from a small ROM 220, program compatibility between camera versions is not important, as no external programs are run. A 2 Mbit (256 Kbyte) program and data ROM 220 is included on integrated circuit. Most of this ROM space is allocated to data for outline graphics and fonts for specialty cameras. The program requirements are minor. The single most complex task is the encrypted authentication of the refill station. The ROM requires a single transistor per bit.

A Flash memory 221 may be used to store a 128 bit authentication code. This provides higher security than storage of the authentication code in ROM, as reverse engineering can be made essentially impossible. The Flash memory is completely covered by third level metal, making the data impossible to extract using scanning probe microscopes or electron beams. The authentication code is stored in the integrated circuit when manufactured. At least two other Flash bits are required for the authentication process: a bit which locks out reprogramming of the authentication code, and a bit which indicates that the camera has been refilled by an authenticated refill station. The flash memory can also be used to store FPN correction data for the imaging array. Additionally, a phase locked loop rescaling parameter is stored for scaling the clocking cycle to an appropriate correct time. The clock frequency does not require crystal accuracy since no date functions are provided. To eliminate the cost of a crystal, an on integrated circuit oscillator with a phase locked loop 224 is used. As the frequency of an on-integrated circuit oscillator is highly variable from integrated circuit to integrated circuit, the frequency ratio of the oscillator to the PLL is digitally trimmed during initial testing. The value is stored in Flash memory 221. This allows the clock PLL to control the ink-jet heater pulse width with sufficient accuracy.

A scratchpad SRAM is a small static RAM 222 with a 6T cell. The scratchpad provided temporary memory for the 16 bit CPU. 1024 bytes is adequate.

A print head interface 223 formats the data correctly for the print head. The print head interface also provides all of the timing signals required by the print head. These timing signals may vary depending upon temperature, the number of dots printed simultaneously, the print medium in the print roll, and the dye density of the ink in the print roll.

The following is a table of external connections to the print head interface:

Connection Function Pins DataBits[0-7] Independent serial data to the eight 8 segments of the print head BitClock Main data clock for the print head 1 ColorEnable[0-2] Independent enable signals for the 3 CMY actuators, allowing different pulse times for each color. BankEnable[0-1] Allows either simultaneous or 2 interleaved actuation of two banks of nozzles. This allows two different print speed/power consumption tradeoffs NozzleSelect[0-4] Selects one of 32 banks of nozzles 5 for simultaneous actuation ParallelXferClock Loads the parallel transfer register with 1 the data from the shift registers Total 20 

The print head utilized is composed of eight identical segments, each 1.25 cm long. There is no connection between the segments on the print head integrated circuit. Any connections required are made in the external TAB bonding film, which is double sided. The division into eight identical segments is to simplify lithography using wafer steppers. The segment width of 1.25 cm fits easily into a stepper field. As the print head integrated circuit is long and narrow (10 cm×0.3 mm), the stepper field contains a single segment of 32 print head integrated circuits. The stepper field is therefore 1.25 cm×1.6 cm. An average of four complete print heads are patterned in each wafer step.

A single BitClock output line connects to all 8 segments on the print head. The 8 DataBits lines lead one to each segment, and are clocked into the 8 segments on the print head simultaneously (on a BitClock pulse). For example, dot 0 is transferred to segments, dot 750 is transferred to segment, dot 1500 to segment₂ etc simultaneously.

The ParallelXferClock is connected to each of the 8 segments on the print head, so that on a single pulse, all segments transfer their bits at the same time.

The NozzleSelect, BankEnable and ColorEnable lines are connected to each of the 8 segments, allowing the print head interface to independently control the duration of the cyan, magenta, and yellow nozzle energizing pulses. Registers in the Print Head Interface allow the accurate specification of the pulse duration between 0 and 6 ms, with a typical duration of 2 ms to 3 ms.

A parallel interface 125 connects the ICP to individual static electrical signals. The CPU is able to control each of these connections as memory mapped I/O via a low speed bus.

The following is a table of connections to the parallel interface:

Connection Direction Pins Paper transport stepper motor Output 4 Capping solenoid Output 1 Copy LED Output 1 Photo button Input 1 Copy button Input 1 Total 8

Seven high current drive transistors eg. 227 are required. Four are for the four phases of the main stepper motor, two are for the guillotine motor, and the remaining transistor is to drive the capping solenoid. These transistors are allocated 20,000 square microns (600,000 F) each. As the transistors are driving highly inductive loads, they must either be turned off slowly, or be provided with a high level of back EMF protection. If adequate back EMF protection cannot be provided using the integrated circuit process chosen, then external discrete transistors should be used. The transistors are never driven at the same time as the image sensor is used. This is to avoid voltage fluctuations and hot spots affecting the image quality. Further, the transistors are located as far away from the sensor as possible.

A standard JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) interface 228 is included in the ICP for testing purposes and for interrogation by the refill station. Due to the complexity of the integrated circuit, a variety of testing techniques are required, including BIST (Built In Self Test) and functional block isolation. An overhead of 10% in integrated circuit area is assumed for integrated circuit testing circuitry for the random logic portions. The overhead for the large arrays the image sensor and the DRAM is smaller.

The JTAG interface is also used for authentication of the refill station. This is included to ensure that the cameras are only refilled with quality paper and ink at a properly constructed refill station, thus preventing inferior quality refills from occurring. The camera must authenticate the refill station, rather than vice versa. The secure protocol is communicated to the refill station during the automated test procedure. Contact is made to four gold plated spots on the ICP/print head TAB by the refill station as the new ink is injected into the print head.

FIG. 16 illustrates a rear view of the next step in the construction process whilst FIG. 17 illustrates a front view.

Turning now to FIG. 16, the assembly of the camera system proceeds via first assembling the ink supply mechanism 40. The flex PCB is interconnected with batteries 84 only one of which is shown, which are inserted in the middle portion of a print roll 85 which is wrapped around a plastic former 86. An end cap 89 is provided at the other end of the print roll 85 so as to fasten the print roll and batteries firmly to the ink supply mechanism.

The solenoid coil is interconnected (not shown) to interconnects 97, 98 (FIG. 8) which include leaf spring ends for interconnection with electrical contacts on the Flex PCB so as to provide for electrical control of the solenoid.

Turning now to FIGS. 17-19 the next step in the construction process is the insertion of the relevant gear trains into the side of the camera chassis. FIG. 17 illustrates a front view, FIG. 18 illustrates a rear view and FIG. 19 also illustrates a rear view. The first gear train comprising gear wheels 22, 23 is utilised for driving the guillotine blade with the gear wheel 23 engaging the gear wheel 65 of FIG. 8. The second gear train comprising gear wheels 24, 25 and 26 engage one end of the print roller 61 of FIG. 8. As best indicated in FIG. 18, the gear wheels mate with corresponding pins on the surface of the chassis with the gear wheel 26 being snap fitted into corresponding mating hole 27.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 20, the assembled platen unit 60 is then inserted between the print roll 85 and aluminium cutting blade 43.

Turning now to FIG. 21, by way of illumination, there is illustrated the electrically interactive components of the camera system. As noted previously, the components are based around a Flex PCB board and include a TAB film 58 which interconnects the printhead 102 with the image sensor and processing integrated circuit 48. Power is supplied by two AA type batteries 83, 84 and a paper drive stepper motor 16 is provided in addition to a rotary guillotine motor 17.

An optical element 31 is provided for snapping into a top portion of the chassis 12. The optical element 31 includes portions defining an optical view finder 32, 33 which are slotted into mating portions 35, 36 in view finder channel 37. Also provided in the optical element 31 is a lensing system 38 for magnification of the prints left number in addition to an optical pipe element 39 for piping light from the LED 5 for external display.

Turning next to FIG. 22, the assembled unit 90 is then inserted into a front outer case 91 which includes button 4 for activation of printouts.

Turning now to FIG. 23, next, the unit 90 is provided with a snap-on back cover 93 which includes a slot 6 and copy print button 7. A wrapper label containing instructions and advertising (not shown) is then wrapped around the outer surface of the camera system and pinch clamped to the cover by means of clamp strip 96 which can comprise a flexible plastic or rubber strip.

Subsequently, the preferred embodiment is ready for use as a one time use camera system that provides for instant output images on demand. It will be evident that the preferred embodiment further provides for a refillable camera system. A used camera can be collected and its outer plastic cases removed and recycled. A new paper roll and batteries can be added and the ink cartridge refilled. A series of automatic test routines can then be carried out to ensure that the printer is properly operational. Further, in order to ensure only authorised refills are conducted so as to enhance quality, routines in the on-integrated circuit program ROM can be executed such that the camera authenticates the refilling station using a secure protocol. Upon authentication, the camera can reset an internal paper count and an external case can be fitted on the camera system with a new outer label. Subsequent packing and shipping can then take place.

It will be further readily evident to those skilled in the art that the program ROM can be modified so as to allow for a variety of digital processing routines. In addition to the digitally enhanced photographs optimised for mainstream consumer preferences, various other models can readily be provided through mere re-programming of the program ROM. For example, a sepia classic old fashion style output can be provided through a remapping of the colour mapping function. A further alternative is to provide for black and white outputs again through a suitable colour remapping algorithm. Minimum colour can also be provided to add a touch of colour to black and white prints to produce the effect that was traditionally used to colourize black and white photos. Further, passport photo output can be provided through suitable address remappings within the address generators. Further, edge filters can be utilised as is known in the field of image processing to produce sketched art styles. Further, classic wedding borders and designs can be placed around an output image in addition to the provision of relevant clip arts. For example, a wedding style camera might be provided. Further, a panoramic mode can be provided so as to output the well known panoramic format of images. Further, a postcard style output can be provided through the printing of postcards including postage on the back of a print roll surface. Further, cliparts can be provided for special events such as Halloween, Christmas etc. Further, kaleidoscopic effects can be provided through address remappings and wild colour effects can be provided through remapping of the colour lookup table. Many other forms of special event cameras can be provided for example, cameras dedicated to the Olympics, movie tie-ins, advertising and other special events.

The operational mode of the camera can be programmed so that upon the depressing of the take photo a first image is sampled by the sensor array to determine irrelevant parameters. Next a second image is again captured which is utilised for the output. The captured image is then manipulated in accordance with any special requirements before being initially output on the paper roll. The LED light is then activated for a predetermined time during which the DRAM is refreshed so as to retain the image. If the print copy button is depressed during this predetermined time interval, a further copy of the photo is output. After the predetermined time interval where no use of the camera has occurred, the onboard CPU shuts down all power to the camera system until such time as the take button is again activated. In this way, substantial power savings can be realized.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal inkjet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal inkjet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric inkjet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewide print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the inkjet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new inkjet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the inkjet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. 45 different inkjet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table below.

The inkjet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS integrated circuit with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the inkjet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a integrated circuit area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

CROSS-REFERENCED APPLICATIONS

The following table is a guide to cross-referenced patent applications filed concurrently herewith and discussed hereinafter with the reference being utilized in subsequent tables when referring to a particular case:

Docket No. Reference Title IJ01US IJ01 Radiant Plunger Ink Jet Printer IJ02US IJ02 Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ03US IJ03 Planar Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet IJ04US IJ04 Stacked Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ05US IJ05 Reverse Spring Lever Ink Jet Printer IJ06US IJ06 Paddle Type Ink Jet Printer IJ07US IJ07 Permanent Magnet Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ08US IJ08 Planar Swing Grill Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ09US IJ09 Pump Action Refill Ink Jet Printer IJ10US IJ10 Pulsed Magnetic Field Ink Jet Printer IJ11US IJ11 Two Plate Reverse Firing Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ12US IJ12 Linear Stepper Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ13US IJ13 Gear Driven Shutter Ink Jet Printer IJ14US IJ14 Tapered Magnetic Pole Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ15US IJ15 Linear Spring Electromagnetic Grill Ink Jet Printer IJ16US IJ16 Lorenz Diaphragm Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ17US IJ17 PTFE Surface Shooting Shuttered Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ18US IJ18 Buckle Grip Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ19US IJ19 Shutter Based Ink Jet Printer IJ20US IJ20 Curling Calyx Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ21US IJ21 Thermal Actuated Ink Jet Printer IJ22US IJ22 Iris Motion Ink Jet Printer IJ23US IJ23 Direct Firing Thermal Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ24US IJ24 Conductive PTFE Ben Activator Vented Ink Jet Printer IJ25US IJ25 Magnetostrictive Ink Jet Printer IJ26US IJ26 Shape Memory Alloy Ink Jet Printer IJ27US IJ27 Buckle Plate Ink Jet Printer IJ28US IJ28 Thermal Elastic Rotary Impeller Ink Jet Printer IJ29US IJ29 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ30US IJ30 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Using PTFE and Corrugated Copper Ink Jet Printer IJ31US IJ31 Bend Actuator Direct Ink Supply Ink Jet Printer IJ32US IJ32 A High Young's Modulus Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ33US IJ33 Thermally actuated slotted chamber wall ink jet printer IJ34US IJ34 Ink Jet Printer having a thermal actuator comprising an external coiled spring IJ35US IJ35 Trough Container Ink Jet Printer IJ36US IJ36 Dual Chamber Single Vertical Actuator Ink Jet IJ37US IJ37 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Fulcrum Actuator Ink Jet IJ38US IJ38 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Actuator Ink Jet IJ39US IJ39 A single bend actuator cupped paddle ink jet printing device IJ40US IJ40 A thermally actuated ink jet printer having a series of thermal actuator units IJ41US IJ41 A thermally actuated ink jet printer including a tapered heater element IJ42US IJ42 Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ43US IJ43 Inverted Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ44US IJ44 Surface bend actuator vented ink supply ink jet printer IJ45US IJ45 Coil Acutuated Magnetic Plate Ink Jet Printer Tables of Drop-on-Demand Inkjets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual inkjet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of inkjet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of inkjet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable inkjet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain inkjet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above.

Other inkjet configurations can readily be derived from these 45 examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into inkjet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available inkjet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a printer may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Actuator Mechanism Description Advantages Thermal An electrothermal heater heats the ink to 1) Large force generated bubble above boiling point, 2) Simple construction transferring significant heat to the 3) No moving parts aqueous ink. A bubble nucleates 4) Fast operation and quickly forms, expelling the 5) Small integrated circuit ink. area required for actuator The efficiency of the process is low, with typically less than 0.05% of the electrical energy being transformed into kinetic energy of the drop. Piezoelectric A piezoelectric crystal such as 19) Low power lead lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is consumption electrically activated, and either 20) Many ink types can expands, shears, or bends to apply be used pressure to the ink, ejecting drops. 21) Fast operation 22) High efficiency Electro- An electric field is used to 34) Low power strictive activate electrostriction in relaxor consumption materials such as lead lanthanum 35) Many ink types can zirconate titanate (PLZT) or lead be used magnesium niobate (PMN). 36) Low thermal expansion 37) Electric field strength required (approx. 3.5 V/μm) can be generated without difficulty 38) Does not require electrical poling Ferroelectric An electric field is used to induce 46) Low power a phase transition between the consumption antiferroelectric (AFE) and 47) Many ink types can ferroelectric (FE) phase. be used Perovskite materials such as tin 48) Fast operation (<1 μs) modified lead lanthanum 49) Relatively high zirconate titanate (PLZSnT) longitudinal strain exhibit large strains of up to 1% 50) High efficiency associated with the AFE to FE 51) Electric field phase transition. strength of around 3 V/μm can be readily provided Electrostatic Conductive plates are separated 56) Low power plates by a compressible or fluid consumption dielectric (usually air). Upon 57) Many ink types can application of a voltage, the plates be used attract each other and displace 58) Fast operation ink, causing drop ejection. The conductive plates may be in a comb or honeycomb structure, or stacked to increase the surface area and therefore the force. Electrostatic A strong electric field is applied 65) Low current pull on ink to the ink, whereupon electrostatic consumption attraction accelerates the ink 66) Low temperature towards the print medium. Permanent An electromagnet directly attracts 75) Low power magnet electro- a permanent magnet, displacing consumption magnetic ink and causing drop ejection. 76) Many ink types can Rare earth magnets with a field be used strength around 1 Tesla can be 77) Fast operation used. Examples are: Samarium 78) High efficiency Cobalt (SaCo) and magnetic 79) Easy extension from materials in the neodymium iron single nozzles to boron family (NdFeB, pagewidth print heads NdDyFeBNb, NdDyFeB, etc) Soft magnetic A solenoid induced a magnetic 87) Low power core electro- field in a soft magnetic core or consumption magnetic yoke fabricated from a ferrous 88) Many ink types can material such as electroplated iron be used alloys such as CoNiFe [1], CoFe, 89) Fast operation or NiFe alloys. Typically, the soft 90) High efficiency magnetic material is in two parts, 91) Easy extension from which are normally held apart by single nozzles to a spring. When the solenoid is pagewidth print heads actuated, the two parts attract, displacing the ink. Magnetic The Lorenz force acting on a 100) Low power Lorenz force current carrying wire in a consumption magnetic field is utilized. 101) Many ink types can This allows the magnetic field to be used be supplied externally to the print 102) Fast operation head, for example with rare earth 103) High efficiency permanent magnets. 104) Easy extension from Only the current carrying wire single nozzles to need be fabricated on the print- pagewidth print heads head, simplifying materials requirements. Magneto- The actuator uses the giant 111) Many ink types can striction magnetostrictive effect of be used materials such as Terfenol-D (an 112) Fast operation alloy of terbium, dysprosium and 113) Easy extension from iron developed at the Naval single nozzles to Ordnance Laboratory, hence Ter- pagewidth print heads Fe-NOL). For best efficiency, the 114) High force is actuator should be pre-stressed to available approx. 8 MPa. Surface tension Ink under positive pressure is held 122) Low power reduction in a nozzle by surface tension. consumption The surface tension of the ink is 123) Simple construction reduced below the bubble 124) No unusual materials threshold, causing the ink to required in fabrication egress from the nozzle. 125) High efficiency 126) Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is locally 131) Simple construction reduction reduced to select which drops are 132) No unusual materials to be ejected. A viscosity required in fabrication reduction can be achieved 133) Easy extension from electrothermally with most inks, single nozzles to but special inks can be engineered pagewidth print heads for a 100:1 viscosity reduction. Acoustic An acoustic wave is generated and 140) Can operate without focussed upon the drop ejection a nozzle plate region. Thermoelastic An actuator which relies upon 148) Low power bend actuator differential thermal expansion consumption upon Joule heating is used. 149) Many ink types can be used 150) Simple planar fabrication 151) Small integrated circuit area required for each actuator 152) Fast operation 153) High efficiency 154) CMOS compatible voltages and currents 155) Standard MEMS processes can be used 156) Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth prin theads High CTE A material with a very high 167) High force can be thermoelastic coefficient of thermal expansion generated actuator (CTE) such as 168) PTFE is a candidate polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is for low dielectric constant used. As high CTE materials are insulation in ULSI usually non-conductive, a heater 169) Very low power fabricated from a conductive consumption material is incorporated. A 50 μm 170) Many ink types can long PTFE bend actuator with be used polysilicon heater and 15 mW 171) Simple planar power input can provide 180 μN fabrication force and 10 μm deflection. 172) Small integrated Actuator motions include: circuit area required for Bend each actuator Push 173) Fast operation Buckle 174) High efficiency Rotate 175) CMOS compatible voltages and currents 176) Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Conductive A polymer with a high coefficient 185) High force can be polymer of thermal expansion (such as generated thermoelastic PTFE) is doped with conducting 186) Very low power actuator substances to increase its consumption conductivity to about 3 orders of 187) Many ink types can magnitude below that of copper. be used The conducting polymer expands 188) Simple planar when resistively heated. fabrication Examples of conducting dopants 189) Small integrated include: circuit area required for Carbon nanotubes each actuator Metal fibers 190) Fast operation Conductive polymers such as 191) High efficiency doped polythiophene 192) CMOS compatible Carbon granules voltages and currents 193) Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Shape memory A shape memory alloy such as 200) High force is alloy TiNi (also known as Nitinol - available (stresses of Nickel Titanium alloy developed hundreds of MPa) at the Naval Ordnance 201) Large strain is Laboratory) is thermally switched available (more than 3%) between its weak martensitic state 202) High corrosion and its high stiffness austenic resistance state. The shape of the actuator in 203) Simple construction its martensitic state is deformed 204) Easy extension from relative to the austenic shape. The single nozzles to shape change causes ejection of a pagewidth print heads drop. 205) Low voltage operation Linear Linear magnetic actuators include 214) Linear Magnetic Magnetic the Linear Induction Actuator actuators can be Actuator (LIA), Linear Permanent Magnet constructed with high Synchronous Actuator (LPMSA), thrust, long travel, and Linear Reluctance Synchronous high efficiency using Actuator (LRSA), Linear planar semiconductor Switched Reluctance Actuator fabrication techniques (LSRA), and the Linear Stepper 215) Long actuator travel Actuator (LSA). is available 216) Medium force is available 217) Low voltage operation Actuator Mechanism Disadvantages Examples Thermal 6) High power 16) Canon bubble 7) Ink carrier limited to water Bubblejet 1979 8) Low efficiency Endo et al GB 9) High temperatures required patent 2,007,162 10) High mechanical stress 17) Xerox heater- 11) Unusual materials required in-pit 1990 12) Large drive transistors Hawkins et al U.S. Pat. No. 13) Cavitation causes actuator 4,899,181 failure 18) Hewlett- 14) Kogation reduces bubble Packard TIJ 1982 formation Vaught et al U.S. Pat. No. 15) Large print heads are difficult 4,490,728 to fabricate Piezoelectric 23) Very large area required for 28) Kyser et al actuator U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,398 24) Difficult to integrate with 29) Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. electronics 3,683,212 25) High voltage drive transistors 30) 1973 Stemme required U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 26) Full pagewidth print heads 31) Epson Stylus impractical due to actuator size 32) Tektronix 27) Requires electrical poling in 33) IJ04 high field strengths during manufacture Electro- 39) Low maximum strain (approx. 44) Seiko Epson, strictive 0.01%) Usui et all JP 40) Large area required for 253401/96 actuator due to low strain 45) IJ04 41) Response speed is marginal (~10 μs) 42) High voltage drive transistors required 43) Full pagewidth print heads impractical due to actuator size Ferroelectric 52) Difficult to integrate with 55) IJ04 electronics 53) Unusual materials such as PLZSnT are required 54) Actuators require a large area Electrostatic 59) Difficult to operate 64) IJ02, IJ04 plates electrostatic devices in an aqueous environment 60) The electrostatic actuator will normally need to be separated from the ink 61) Very large area required to achieve high forces 62) High voltage drive transistors may be required 63) Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electrostatic 67) High voltage required 72) 1989 Saito et pull on ink 68) May be damaged by sparks due al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,068 to air breakdown 73) 1989 Miura et 69) Required field strength al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,954 increases as the drop size decreases 74) Tone-jet 70) High voltage drive transistors required 71) Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent 80) Complex fabrication 86) IJ07, IJ10 magnet electro- 81) Permanent magnetic material magnetic such as Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) required. 82) High local currents required 83) Copper metalization should be used for long electromigration lifetime and low resistivity 84) Pigmented inks are usually infeasible 85) Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K) Soft magnetic 92) Complex fabrication 98) IJ01, IJ05, core electro- 93) Materials not usually present in IJ08, IJ10 magnetic a CMOS fab such as NiFe, CoNiFe, 99) IJ12, IJ14, or CoFe are required IJ15, IJ17 94) High local currents required 95) Copper metalization should be used for long electromigration lifetime and low resistivity 96) Electroplating is required 97) High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Magnetic 105) Force acts as a twisting motion 110) IJ06, IJ11, Lorenz force 106) Typically, only a quarter of the IJ13, IJ16 solenoid length provides force in a useful direction 107) High local currents required 108) Copper metalization should be used for long electromigration lifetime and low resistivity 109) Pigmented inks are usually infeasible Magneto- 115) Force acts as a twisting motion 120) Fischenbeck, striction 116) Unusual materials such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,032,929 Terfenol-D are required 121) IJ25 117) High local currents required 118) Copper metalization should be used for long electromigration lifetime and low resistivity 119) Pre-stressing may be required Surface tension 127) Requires supplementary force 130) Silverbrook, reduction to effect drop separation EP 0771 658 A2 128) Requires special ink and related patent surfactants applications 129) Speed may be limited by surfactant properties Viscosity 134) Requires supplementary force 139) Silverbrook, reduction to effect drop separation EP 0771 658 A2 135) Requires special ink viscosity and related patent properties applications 136) High speed is difficult to achieve 137) Requires oscillating ink pressure 138) A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic 141) Complex drive circuitry 146) 1993 142) Complex fabrication Hadimioglu et al, 143) Low efficiency EUP 550,192 144) Poor control of drop position 147) 1993 Elrod et 145) Poor control of drop volume al, EUP 572,220 Thermoelastic 157) Efficient aqueous operation 160) IJ03, IJ09, bend actuator requires a thermal insulator on the IJ17, 1J18 hot side 161) IJ19, IJ20, 158) Corrosion prevention can be IJ21, IJ22 difficult 162) IJ23, IJ24, 159) Pigmented inks may be IJ27, IJ28 infeasible, as pigment particles may 163) IJ29, IJ30, jam the bend actuator IJ31, IJ32 164) IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 165) IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 166) IJ41 High CTE 177) Requires special material (e.g. 181) IJ09, IJ17, thermoelastic PTFE) IJ18, IJ20 actuator 178) Requires a PTFE deposition 182) IJ21, IJ22, process, which is not yet standard in IJ23, IJ24 ULSI fabs 183) IJ27, IJ28, 179) PTFE deposition cannot be IJ29, IJ30 followed with high temperature 184) IJ31, IJ42, (above 350° C.) processing IJ43, IJ44 180) Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as pigment particles may jam the bend actuator Conductive 194) Requires special materials 199) IJ24 polymer development (High CTE conductive thermoelastic polymer) actuator 195) Requires a PTFE deposition process, which is not yet standard in ULSI fabs 196) PTFE deposition cannot be followed with high temperature (above 350° C.) processing 197) Evaporation and CVD deposition techniques cannot be used 198) Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as pigment particles may jam the bend actuator Shape memory 206) Fatigue limits maximum 213) IJ26 alloy number of cycles 207) Low strain (1%) is required to extend fatigue resistance 208) Cycle rate limited by heat removal 209) Requires unusual materials (TiNi) 210) The latent heat of transformation must be provided 211) High current operation 212) Requires pre-stressing to distort the martensitic state Linear 218) Requires unusual 222) IJ12 Magnetic semiconductor materials such as Actuator soft magnetic alloys (e.g. CoNiFe [1]) 219) Some varieties also require permanent magnetic materials such as Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) 220) Requires complex multi-phase drive circuitry 221) High current operation

BASIC OPERATION MODE Operational mode Description Advantages Actuator This is the simplest mode of 223) Simple operation directly pushes operation: the actuator directly 224) No external fields ink supplies sufficient kinetic energy required to expel the drop. The drop must 225) Satellite drops can have a sufficient velocity to be avoided if drop overcome the surface tension. velocity is less than 4 m/s 226) Can be efficient, depending upon the actuator used Proximity The drops to be printed are 241) Very simple print selected by some manner (e.g. head fabrication can be thermally induced surface tension used reduction of pressurized ink). 242) The drop selection Selected drops are separated from means does not need to the ink in the nozzle by contact provide the energy with the print medium or a required to separate the transfer roller. drop from the nozzle Electrostatic The drops to be printed are 247) Very simple print pull on ink selected by some manner (e.g. head fabrication can be thermally induced surface tension used reduction of pressurized ink). 248) The drop selection Selected drops are separated from means does not need to the ink in the nozzle by a strong provide the energy electric field. required to separate the drop from the nozzle Magnetic pull The drops to be printed are 254) Very simple print on ink selected by some manner (e.g. head fabrication can be thermally induced surface tension used reduction of pressurized ink). 255) The drop selection Selected drops are separated from means does not need to the ink in the nozzle by a strong provide the energy magnetic field acting on the required to separate the magnetic ink. drop from the nozzle Shutter The actuator moves a shutter to 260) High speed (>50 KHz) block ink flow to the nozzle. The operation can be ink pressure is pulsed at a achieved due to reduced multiple of the drop ejection refill time frequency. 261) Drop timing can be very accurate 262) The actuator energy can be very low Shuttered grill The actuator moves a shutter to 268) Actuators with small block ink flow through a grill to travel can be used the nozzle. The shutter movement 269) Actuators with small need only be equal to the width of force can be used the grill holes. 270) High speed (>50 KHz) operation can be achieved Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field attracts 276) Extremely low magnetic pull an ‘ink pusher’ at the drop energy operation is on ink pusher ejection frequency. An actuator possible controls a catch, which prevents 277) No heat dissipation the ink pusher from moving when problems a drop is not to be ejected. Operational mode Disadvantages Examples Actuator 227) Drop repetition rate is usually 230) Thermal inkjet directly pushes limited to less than 10 KHz. 231) Piezoelectric ink However, this is not fundamental to inkjet the method, but is related to the 232) IJ01, IJ02, refill method normally used IJ03, IJ04 228) All of the drop kinetic energy 233) IJ05, IJ06, must be provided by the actuator IJ07, IJ09 229) Satellite drops usually form if 234) IJ11, IJ12, drop velocity is greater than 4.5 m/s IJ14, IJ16 235) IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 236) IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28 237) IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 238) IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 239) IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 240) IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Proximity 243) Requires close proximity 246) Silverbrook, between the print head and the print EP 0771 658 A2 media or transfer roller and related patent 244) May require two print heads applications printing alternate rows of the image 245) Monolithic color print heads are difficult Electrostatic 249) Requires very high 252) Silverbrook, pull on ink electrostatic field EP 0771 658 A2 250) Electrostatic field for small and related patent nozzle sizes is above air breakdown applications 251) Electrostatic field may attract 253) Tone-Jet dust Magnetic pull 256) Requires magnetic ink 259) Silverbrook, on ink 257) Ink colors other than black are EP 0771 658 A2 difficult and related patent 258) Requires very high magnetic applications fields Shutter 263) Moving parts are required 267) IJ13, IJ17, 264) Requires ink pressure IJ21 modulator 265) Friction and wear must be considered 266) Stiction is possible Shuttered grill 271) Moving parts are required 275) IJ08, IJ15, 272) Requires ink pressure IJ18, IJ19 modulator 273) Friction and wear must be considered 274) Stiction is possible Pulsed 278) Requires an external pulsed 281) IJ10 magnetic pull magnetic field on ink pusher 279) Requires special materials for both the actuator and the ink pusher 280) Complex construction

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Auxiliary Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None The actuator directly fires the ink 282) Simplicity of 285) Drop ejection energy must be 286) Most inkjets, drop, and there is no external field construction supplied by individual nozzle including or other mechanism required. 283) Simplicity of actuator piezoelectric and operation thermal bubble. 284) Small physical size 287) IJ01-IJ07, IJ09, IJ11 288) IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22 289) IJ23-IJ45 Oscillating ink The ink pressure oscillates, 290) Oscillating ink 293) Requires external ink pressure 296) Silverbrook, pressure providing much of the drop pressure can provide a oscillator EP 0771 658 A2 (including ejection energy. The actuator refill pulse, allowing 294) Ink pressure phase and and related patent acoustic selects which drops are to be fired higher operating speed amplitude must be carefully applications stimulation) by selectively blocking or 291) The actuators may controlled 297) IJ08, IJ13, enabling nozzles. The ink pressure operate with much lower 295) Acoustic reflections in the ink IJ15, IJ17 oscillation may be achieved by energy chamber must be designed for 298) IJ15, IJ19, vibrating the print head, or 292) Acoustic lenses can IJ21 preferably by an actuator in the be used to focus the ink supply. sound on the nozzles Media The print head is placed in close 299) Low power 302) Precision assembly required 305) Silverbrook, proximity proximity to the print medium. 300) High accuracy 303) Paper fibers may cause EP 0771 658 A2 Selected drops protrude from the 301) Simple print head problems and related patent print head further than unselected construction 304) Cannot print on rough applications drops, and contact the print substrates medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer roller Drops are printed to a transfer 306) High accuracy 309) Bulky 312) Silverbrook, roller instead of straight to the 307) Wide range of print 310) Expensive EP 0771 658 A2 print medium. A transfer roller substrates can be used 311) Complex construction and related patent can also be used for proximity 308) Ink can be dried on applications drop separation. the transfer roller 313) Tektronix hot melt piezoelectric inkjet 314) Any of the IJ series Electrostatic An electric field is used to 315) Low power 317) Field strength required for 318) Silverbrook, accelerate selected drops towards 316) Simple print head separation of small drops is EP 0771 658 A2 the print medium. construction near or above air breakdown and related patent applications 319) Tone-Jet Direct A magnetic field is used to 320) Low power 322) Requires magnetic ink 324) Silverbrook, magnetic field accelerate selected drops of 321) Simple print head 323) Requires strong magnetic field EP 0771 658 A2 magnetic ink towards the print construction and related patent medium. applications Cross magnetic The print head is placed in a 325) Does not require 326) Requires external magnet 328) IJ06, IJ16 field constant magnetic field. The magnetic materials to be 327) Current densities may be high, Lorenz force in a current carrying integrated in the print resulting in electromigration wire is used to move the actuator. head manufacturing problems process Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field is used to 329) Very low power 331) Complex print head 333) IJ10 magnetic field cyclically attract a paddle, which operation is possible construction pushes on the ink. A small 330) Small print head size 332) Magnetic materials required in actuator moves a catch, which print head selectively prevents the paddle from moving.

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Actuator amplification Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None No actuator mechanical 334) Operational 335) Many actuator mechanisms 336) Thermal amplification is used. The actuator simplicity have insufficient travel, or Bubble Inkjet directly drives the drop ejection insufficient force, to 337) IJ01, IJ02, process. efficiently drive the drop IJ06, IJ07 ejection process 338) IJ16, IJ25, IJ26 Differential An actuator material expands 339) Provides greater 341) High stresses are involved 344) Piezoelectric expansion more on one side than on the travel in a reduced print 342) Care must be taken that the 345) IJ03, IJ09, bend other. The expansion may be head area materials do not delaminate IJ17-IJ24 actuator thermal, piezoelectric, 340) The bend actuator 343) Residual bend resulting from 346) IJ27, IJ29-IJ39, magnetostrictive, or other converts a high force low high temperature or high IJ42, mechanism. travel actuator mechanism stress during formation 347) IJ43, IJ44 to high travel, lower force mechanism. Transient A trilayer bend actuator where the 348) Very good 351) High stresses are involved 353) IJ40, IJ41 bend two outside layers are identical. temperature stability 352) Care must be taken that the actuator This cancels bend due to ambient 349) High speed, as a new materials do not delaminate temperature and residual stress. drop can be fired before The actuator only responds to heat dissipates transient heating of one side or the 350) Cancels residual other. stress of formation Actuator A series of thin actuators are 354) Increased travel 356) Increased fabrication 358) Some stack stacked. This can be appropriate 355) Reduced drive complexity piezoelectric where actuators require high voltage 357) Increased possibility of short ink jets electric field strength, such as circuits due to pinholes 359) IJ04 electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller actuators are 360) Increases the force 362) Actuator forces may not add 363) IJ12, IJ13, actuators used simultaneously to move the available from an actuator linearly, reducing efficiency IJ18, IJ20 ink. Each actuator need provide 361) Multiple actuators 364) IJ22, IJ28, only a portion of the force can be positioned to IJ42, IJ43 required. control ink flow accurately Linear A linear spring is used to 365) Matches low travel 367) Requires print head area for 368) IJ15 Spring transform a motion with small actuator with higher the spring travel and high force into a longer travel requirements travel, lower force motion. 366) Non-contact method of motion transformation Reverse The actuator loads a spring. When 369) Better coupling to 370) Fabrication complexity 372) IJ05, IJ11 spring the actuator is turned off, the the ink 371) High stress in the spring spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Coiled A bend actuator is coiled to 373) Increases travel 376) Generally restricted to planar 377) IJ17, IJ21, actuator provide greater travel in a reduced 374) Reduces integrated implementations due to IJ34, IJ35 integrated circuit area. circuit area extreme fabrication difficulty 375) Planar in other orientations. implementations are relatively easy to fabricate. Flexure bend A bend actuator has a small 378) Simple means of 379) Care must be taken not to 382) IJ10, IJ19, actuator region near the fixture point, increasing travel of a exceed the elastic limit in the IJ33 which flexes much more readily bend actuator flexure area than the remainder of the actuator. 380) Stress distribution is very The actuator flexing is effectively uneven convened from an even coiling to 381) Difficult to accurately model an angular bend, resulting in with finite element analysis greater travel of the actuator tip. Gears Gears can be used to increase 383) Low force, low 385) Moving parts are required 390) IJ13 travel at the expense of duration. travel actuators can be 386) Several actuator cycles are Circular gears, rack and pinion, used required ratchets, and other gearing 384) Can be fabricated 387) More complex drive methods can be used. using standard surface electronics MEMS processes 388) Complex construction 389) Friction, friction, and wear are possible Catch The actuator controls a small 391) Very low actuator 393) Complex construction 396) IJ10 catch. The catch either enables or energy 394) Requires external force disables movement of an ink 392) Very small actuator 395) Unsuitable for pigmented inks pusher that is controlled in a bulk size manner. Buckle plate A buckle plate can be used to 397) Very fast movement 398) Must stay within elastic limits 401) S. Hirata et al, change a slow actuator into a fast achievable of the materials for “An Ink-jet motion. It can also convert a high long device life Head...”, force, low travel actuator into a 399) High stresses involved Proc. IEEE high travel, medium force motion. 400) Generally high power MEMS, requirement February 1996, pp 418-423. 402) IJ18, IJ27 Tapered A tapered magnetic pole can 403) Linearizes the 404) Complex construction 405) IJ14 magnetic increase travel at the expense of magnetic force/distance pole force. curve Lever A lever and fulcrum is used to 406) Matches low travel 408) High stress around the 409) IJ32, IJ36, transform a motion with small actuator with higher fulcrum IJ37 travel and high force into a travel requirements motion with longer travel and 407) Fulcrum area has no lower force. The lever can also linear movement, and can reverse the direction of travel. be used for a fluid seal Rotary The actuator is connected to a 410) High mechanical 412) Complex construction 414) IJ28 impeller rotary impeller. A small angular advantage 413) Unsuitable for pigmented inks deflection of the actuator results 411) The ratio of force to in a rotation of the impeller vanes, travel of the actuator can which push the ink against be matched to the nozzle stationary vanes and out of the requirements by varying nozzle. the number of impeller vanes Acoustic A refractive or diffractive (e.g. 415) No moving parts 416) Large area required 418) 1993 lens zone plate) acoustic lens is used to 417) Only relevant for acoustic ink Hadimioglu et al, concentrate sound waves, jets EUP 550,192 419) 1993 Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Sharp A sharp point is used to 420) Simple construction 421) Difficult to fabricate using 423) Tone-jet conductive concentrate an electrostatic field. standard VLSI processes for a point surface ejecting ink-jet 422) Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

ACTUATOR MOTION Actuator motion Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Volume The volume of the actuator 424) Simple construction 425) High energy is typically 426) Hewlett- expansion changes, pushing the ink in all in the case of thermal ink required to achieve volume Packard directions. jet expansion. This leads to Thermal Inkjet thermal stress, cavitation, 427) Canon and kogation in thermal Bubblejet ink jet implementations Linear, normal The actuator moves in a direction 428) Efficient coupling to 429) High fabrication complexity 430) IJ01, IJ02, to integrated normal to the print head surface. ink drops ejected normal may be required to achieve IJ04, IJ07 circuit surface The nozzle is typically in the line to the surface perpendicular motion 431) IJ11, IJ14 of movement. Linear, The actuator moves parallel to the 432) Suitable for planar 433) Fabrication complexity 436) IJ12, IJ13, parallel to print head surface. Drop ejection fabrication 434) Friction IJ15, IJ33, integrated may still be normal to the surface. 435) Stiction 437) IJ34, IJ35, circuit surface IJ36 Membrane An actuator with a high force but 438) The effective area of 439) Fabrication complexity 442) 1982 Howkins push small area is used to push a stiff the actuator becomes the 440) Actuator size U.S. Pat. No. membrane that is in contact with membrane area 441) Difficulty of integration in a 4,459,601 the ink. VLSI process Rotary The actuator causes the rotation of 443) Rotary levers may 445) Device complexity 447) IJ05, IJ08, some element, such a grill or be used to increase travel 446) May have friction at a pivot IJ13, IJ28 impeller 444) Small integrated point circuit area requirements Bend The actuator bends when 448) A very small change 449) Requires the actuator to be 450) 1970 Kyser et energized. This may be due to in dimensions can be made from at least two al U.S. Pat. No. differential thermal expansion, converted to a large distinct layers, or to 3,946,398 piezoelectric expansion, motion. have a thermal difference 451) 1973 Stemme magnetostriction, or other form of across the actuator U.S. Pat. No. relative dimensional change. 3,747,120 452) IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19 453) IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29 454) IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34 455) IJ35 Swivel The actuator swivels around a 456) Allows operation 458) Inefficient coupling to the ink 459) IJ06 central pivot. This motion is where the net linear force motion suitable where there are opposite on the paddle is zero forces applied to opposite sides of 457) Small integrated the paddle, e.g. Lorenz force. circuit area requirements Straighten The actuator is normally bent, and 460) Can be used with 461) Requires careful balance of 462) IJ26, IJ32 straightens when energized. shape memory alloys stresses to ensure that the where the austenic phase quiescent bend is accurate is planar Double bend The actuator bends in one 463) One actuator can be 466) Difficult to make the drops 468) IJ36, IJ37, direction when one element is used to power two ejected by both bend IJ38 energized, and bends the other nozzles. directions identical. way when another element is 464) Reduced integrated 467) A small efficiency loss energized. circuit size. compared to equivalent single 465) Not sensitive to bend actuators. ambient temperature Shear Energizing the actuator causes a 469) Can increase the 470) Not readily applicable to other 471) 1985 Fishbeck shear motion in the actuator effective travel of actuator mechanisms U.S. Pat. No. material. piezoelectric actuators 4,584,590 Radial The actuator squeezes an ink 472) Relatively easy to 473) High force required 476) 1970 Zoltan constriction reservoir, forcing ink from a fabricate single nozzles 474) Inefficient U.S. Pat. No. constricted nozzle. from glass tubing as 475) Difficult to integrate with 3,683,212 macroscopic structures VLSI processes Coil/uncoil A coiled actuator uncoils or coils 477) Easy to fabricate as a 479) Difficult to fabricate for non- 481) IJ17, IJ21, more tightly. The motion of the planar VLSI process planar devices IJ34, IJ35 free end of the actuator ejects the 478) Small area required, 480) Poor out-of-plane stiffness ink. therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows (or buckles) in 482) Can increase the 484) Maximum travel is 486) IJ16, IJ18, the middle when energized. speed of travel constrained IJ27 483) Mechanically rigid 485) High force required Push-Pull Two actuators control a shutter. 487) The structure is 488) Not readily suitable for inkjets 489) IJ18 One actuator pulls the shutter, and pinned at both ends, so which directly push the ink the other pushes it. has a high out-of-plane rigidity Curl inwards A set of actuators curl inwards to 490) Good fluid flow to 491) Design complexity 492) IJ20, IJ42 reduce the volume of ink that they the region behind the enclose. actuator increases efficiency Curl outwards A set of actuators curl outwards, 493) Relatively simple 494) Relatively large integrated 495) IJ43 pressurizing ink in a chamber construction circuit area surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes enclose a volume 496) High efficiency 498) High fabrication complexity 500) IJ22 of ink. These simultaneously 497) Small integrated 499) Not suitable for pigmented rotate, reducing the volume circuit area inks between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator vibrates at a high 501) The actuator can be 502) Large area required for 506) 1993 vibration frequency. physically distant from efficient operation at useful Hadimioglu et al, the ink frequencies EUP 550,192 503) Acoustic coupling and 507) 1993 Elrod et crosstalk al, EUP 572,220 504) Complex drive circuitry 505) Poor control of drop volume and position None In various ink jet designs the 508) No moving parts 509) Various other tradeoffs are 510) Silverbrook, actuator does not move. required to eliminate EP 0771 658 A2 moving parts and related patent applications 511) Tone-jet

NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Nozzle refill method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface tension After the actuator is energized, it 512) Fabrication 514) Low speed 517) Thermal inkjet typically returns rapidly to its simplicity 515) Surface tension force 518) Piezoelectric normal position. This rapid return 513) Operational relatively small compared to inkjet sucks in air through the nozzle simplicity actuator force 519) IJ01-IJ07, opening. The ink surface tension 516) Long refill time usually IJ10-IJ14 at the nozzle then exerts a small dominates the total 520) IJ16, IJ20, force restoring the meniscus to a repetition rate IJ22-IJ45 minimum area. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle chamber is 521) High speed 523) Requires common ink 525) IJ08, IJ13, oscillating ink provided at a pressure that 522) Low actuator pressure oscillator IJ15, IJ17 pressure oscillates at twice the drop energy, as the actuator 524) May not be suitable for 526) IJ18, IJ19, ejection frequency. When a drop need only open or close pigmented inks IJ21 is to be ejected, the shutter is the shutter, instead of opened for 3 half cycles: drop ejecting the ink drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. Refill actuator After the main actuator has 527) High speed, as the 528) Requires two independent 529) IJ09 ejected a drop a second (refill) nozzle is actively refilled actuators per nozzle actuator is energized. The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive ink The ink is held a slight positive 530) High refill rate, 531) Surface spill must be 533) Silverbrook, pressure pressure. After the ink drop is therefore a high drop prevented EP 0771 658 A2 ejected, the nozzle chamber fills repetition rate is possible 532) Highly hydrophobic print and related patent quickly as surface tension and ink head surfaces are required applications pressure both operate to refill the 534) Alternative nozzle. for: 535) IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 536) IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Inlet back-flow restriction method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Long inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle 537) Design simplicity 540) Restricts refill rate 543) Thermal inkjet channel chamber is made long and 538) Operational 541) May result in a relatively 544) Piezoelectric relatively narrow, relying on simplicity large integrated circuit area inkjet viscous drag to reduce inlet back- 539) Reduces crosstalk 542) Only partially effective 545) IJ42, IJ43 flow. Positive ink The ink is under a positive 546) Drop selection and 548) Requires a method (such as a 549) Silverbrook, pressure pressure, so that in the quiescent separation forces nozzle rim or effective EP 0771 658 A2 state some of the ink drop already can be reduced hydrophobizing, or both) to and related patent protrudes from the nozzle. 547) Fast refill time prevent flooding of the applications This reduces the pressure in the ejection surface of the 550) Possible nozzle chamber which is required print head. operation of the to eject a certain volume of ink. following: The reduction in chamber 551) IJ01-IJ07, pressure results in a reduction in IJ09-IJ12 ink pushed out through the inlet. 552) IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, 553) IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ41 554) IJ44 Baffle One or more baffles are placed in 555) The refill rate is not 557) Design complexity 559) HP Thermal the inlet ink flow. When the as restricted as 558) May increase fabrication Ink Jet actuator is energized, the rapid ink the long inlet method. complexity (e.g. Tektronix 560) Tektronix movement creates eddies which 556) Reduces crosstalk hot melt Piezoelectric piezoelectric restrict the flow through the inlet. print heads). ink jet The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently disclosed 561) Significantly reduces 562) Not applicable to most inkjet 565) Canon restricts inlet by Canon, the expanding actuator back-flow for edge- configurations (bubble) pushes on a flexible flap shooter thermal ink jet 563) Increased fabrication that restricts the inlet. devices complexity 564) Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter A filter is located between the ink 566) Additional 568) Restricts refill rate 570) IJ04, IJ12, inlet and the nozzle chamber. The advantage of ink filtration 569) May result in complex IJ24, IJ27 filter has a multitude of small 567) Ink filter may be construction 571) IJ29, IJ30 holes or slots, restricting ink flow. fabricated with no The filter also removes particles additional process steps which may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle 572) Design simplicity 573) Restricts refill rate 576) IJ02, IJ37, compared to chamber has a substantially 574) May result in a relatively IJ44 nozzle smaller cross section than that of large integrated circuit area the nozzle, resulting in easier ink 575) Only partially effective egress out of the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary actuator controls the 577) Increases speed of 578) Requires separate refill 579) IJ09 position of a shutter, closing off the ink-jet print head actuator and drive circuit the ink inlet when the main operation actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids the problem of 580) Back-flow problem 581) Requires careful design to 582) IJ01, IJ03, located inlet back-flow by arranging the is eliminated minimize the negative IJ05, IJ06 behind the ink-pushing surface of the pressure behind the paddle 583) IJ07, IJ10, ink-pushing actuator between the inlet and the IJ11, IJ14 surface nozzle. 584) IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25 585) IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33 586) IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39 587) IJ40, IJ41 Part of the The actuator and a wall of the ink 588) Significant 590) Small increase in fabrication 591) IJ07, IJ20, actuator chamber are arranged so that the reductions in back-flow complexity IJ26, IJ38 moves to motion of the actuator closes off can be achieved shut off the the inlet. 589) Compact designs inlet possible Nozzle In some configurations of ink jet, 592) Ink back-flow 593) None related to ink back-flow 594) Silverbrook, actuator does there is no expansion or problem is eliminated on actuation EP 0771 658 A2 not result in movement of an actuator which and related patent ink may cause ink back-flow through applications back-flow the inlet. 595) Valve-jet 596) Tone-jet 597) IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 598) IJ18, IJ19, IJ21

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Nozzle Clearing method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Normal nozzle All of the nozzles are fired 599) No added 600) May not be sufficient to 601) Most ink jet firing periodically, before the ink has a complexity on the print displace dried ink systems chance to dry. When not in use head 602) IJ01-IJ07, the nozzles are sealed (capped) IJ09-IJ12 against air. 603) IJ14, IJ16, The nozzle firing is usually IJ20, IJ22 performed during a special 604) IJ23-IJ34, clearing cycle, after first moving IJ36-IJ45 the print head to a cleaning station. Extra power to In systems which heat the ink, but 605) Can be highly 606) Requires higher drive 608) Silverbrook, ink heater do not boil it under normal effective if the heater is voltage for clearing EP 0771 658 A2 situations, nozzle clearing can be adjacent to the nozzle 607) May require larger drive and related patent achieved by over-powering the transistors applications heater and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired in rapid 609) Does not require 611) Effectiveness depends 612) May be used succession of succession. In some extra drive circuits on the substantially upon with: actuator pulses configurations, this may cause print head the configuration 613) IJ01-IJ07, heat build-up at the nozzle which 610) Can be readily of the inkjet nozzle IJ09-IJ11 boils the ink, clearing the nozzle. controlled and initiated 614) IJ14, IJ16, In other situations, it may cause by digital logic IJ20, IJ22 sufficient vibrations to dislodge 615) IJ23-IJ25, clogged nozzles. IJ27-IJ34 616) IJ36-IJ45 Extra power to Where an actuator is not normally 617) A simple solution 618) Not suitable where 619) May be used ink pushing driven to the limit of its motion, where applicable there is a hard limit to with: actuator nozzle clearing may be assisted by actuator movement 620) IJ03, IJ09, providing an enhanced drive IJ16, IJ20 signal to the actuator. 621) IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27 622) IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 623) IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42 624) IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic An ultrasonic wave is applied to 625) A high nozzle 627) High implementation 628) IJ08, IJ13, resonance the ink chamber. This wave is of clearing capability can be cost if system does not IJ15, IJ17 an appropriate amplitude and achieved already include an 629) IJ18, IJ19, frequency to cause sufficient force 626) May be implemented acoustic actuator IJ21 at the nozzle to clear blockages. at very low cost in This is easiest to achieve if the systems which already ultrasonic wave is at a resonant include acoustic actuators frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle clearing A microfabricated plate is pushed 630) Can clear severely 631) Accurate mechanical 635) Silverbrook, plate against the nozzles. The plate has clogged nozzles alignment is required EP 0771 658 A2 a post for every nozzle. The array 632) Moving parts are required and related patent of posts 633) There is risk of applications damage to the nozzles 634) Accurate fabrication is required Ink pressure The pressure of the ink is 636) May be effective 637) Requires pressure pump or 640) May be used pulse temporarily increased so that ink where other methods other pressure actuator with all IJ series ink streams from all of the nozzles. cannot be used 638) Expensive jets This may be used in conjunction 639) Wasteful of ink with actuator energizing. Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped across 641) Effective for planar 643) Difficult to use if print 646) Many ink jet wiper the print head surface. The blade print head surfaces head surface is non- systems is usually fabricated from a 642) Low cost planar or very fragile flexible polymer, e.g. rubber or 644) Requires mechanical parts synthetic elastomer. 645) Blade can wear out in high volume print systems Separate ink A separate heater is provided at 647) Can be effective 649) Fabrication complexity 650) Can be used boiling heater the nozzle although the normal where other nozzle with many IJ series drop e-ection mechanism does clearing methods cannot ink jets not require it. The heaters do not be used require individual drive circuits, 648) Can be implemented as many nozzles can be cleared at no additional cost in simultaneously, and no imaging is some inkjet required. configurations

NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Nozzle plate construction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electroformed A nozzle plate is separately 651) Fabrication 652) High temperatures and 655) Hewlett nickel fabricated from electroformed simplicity pressures are required Packard Thermal nickel, and bonded to the print to bond nozzle plate Inkjet head integrated circuit. 653) Minimum thickness constraints 654) Differential thermal expansion Laser ablated Individual nozzle holes are 656) No masks required 660) Each hole must be 664) Canon or drilled ablated by an intense UV laser in 657) Can be quite fast individually formed Bubblejet polymer a nozzle plate, which is typically a 658) Some control over 661) Special equipment required 665) 1988 Sercel et polymer such as polyimide or nozzle profile is possible 662) Slow where there are many al., SPIE, Vol. 998 polysulphone 659) Equipment required thousands of nozzles Excimer Beam is relatively low cost per print head Applications, pp. 663) May produce thin burrs 76-83 at exit holes 666) 1993 Watanabe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604 Silicon A separate nozzle plate is 667) High accuracy is 668) Two part construction 672) K. Bean, IEEE micromachined micromachined from single attainable 669) High cost Transactions on crystal silicon, and bonded to the 670) Requires precision Electron Devices, print head wafer. alignment Vol. ED-25, No. 10, 671) Nozzles may be clogged by 1978, pp 1185-1195 adhesive 673) Xerox 1990 Hawkins et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass capillaries are drawn 674) No expensive 676) Very small nozzle sizes are 678) 1970 Zoltan capillaries from glass tubing. This method equipment required difficult to form U.S. Pat. No. has been used for making 675) Simple to make 677) Not suited for mass 3,683,212 individual nozzles, but is difficult single nozzles production to use for bulk manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is deposited as a 679) High accuracy (<1 μm) 683) Requires sacrificial 685) Silverbrook, surface layer using standard VLSI 680) Monolithic layer under the nozzle plate EP 0771 658 A2 micromachined deposition techniques. Nozzles 681) Low cost to form the nozzle chamber and related patent using VLSI are etched in the nozzle plate 682) Existing processes 684) Surface may be applications lithographic using VLSI lithography and can be used fragile to the touch 686) IJ01, IJ02, processes etching. IJ04, IJ11 687) IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 688) IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 689) IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 690) IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37 691) IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41 692) IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a buried etch 693) High accuracy (<1 μm) 697) Requires long etch times 699) IJ03, IJ05, etched through stop in the wafer. Nozzle 694) Monolithic 698) Requires a support wafer IJ06, IJ07 substrate chambers are etched in the front 695) Low cost 700) IJ08, IJ09, of the wafer, and the wafer is 696) No differential IJ10, IJ13 thinned from the back side. expansion 701) IJ14, IJ15, Nozzles are then etched in the IJ16, IJ19 etch stop layer. 702) IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 No nozzle plate Various methods have been tried 703) No nozzles to 704) Difficult to control drop 706) Ricoh 1995 to eliminate the nozzles entirely, become clogged position accurately Sekiya et al U.S. to prevent nozzle clogging. These 705) Crosstalk problems Pat. No. 5,412,413 include thermal bubble 707) 1993 mechanisms and acoustic lens Hadimioglu et al mechanisms EUP 550,192 708) 1993 Elrod et al EUP 572,220 Trough Each drop ejector has a trough 709) Reduced 711) Drop firing direction is 712) IJ35 through which a paddle moves, manufacturing sensitive to wicking. There is no nozzle plate. complexity 710) Monolithic Nozzle slit The elimination of nozzle holes 713) No nozzles to 714) Difficult to control drop 716) 1989 Saito et instead of and replacement by a slit become clogged position accurately al U.S. Pat. No. individual encompassing many actuator 4,799,068 nozzles positions reduces nozzle clogging, 715) Crosstalk problems but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves

DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Ejection direction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Edge Ink flow is along the surface of 717) Simple construction 722) Nozzles limited to edge 725) Canon (‘edge the integrated circuit, and ink 718) No silicon etching 723) High resolution is difficult Bubblejet 1979 shooter’) drops are ejected from the required 724) Fast color printing requires one Endo et al GB integrated circuit edge. 719) Good heat sinking print head per color patent 2,007,162 via substrate 726) Xerox heater- 720) Mechanically strong in-pit 1990 721) Ease of integrated Hawkins et al U.S. circuit handing Pat. No. 4,899,181 727) Tone-jet Surface Ink flow is along the surface of 728) No bulk silicon 731) Maximum ink flow is severely 732) Hewlett- (‘roof the integrated circuit, and ink etching required restricted Packard TIJ 1982 shooter’) drops are ejected from the 729) Silicon can make an Vaught et al U.S. integrated circuit surface, normal effective heat sink Pat. No. 4,490,728 to the plane of the integrated 730) Mechanical strength 733) IJ02, IJ11, circuit. IJ12, IJ20 734) IJ22 Through Ink flow is through the integrated 735) High ink flow 738) Requires bulk silicon etching 739) Silverbrook, integrated circuit, and ink drops are ejected 736) Suitable for EP 0771 658 A2 circuit, from the front surface of the pagewidth print and related patent forward integrated circuit. 737) High nozzle packing applications (‘up density therefore low 740) IJ04, IJ17, shooter’) manufacturing cost IJ18, IJ24 741) IJ27-IJ45 Through Ink flow is through the integrated 742) High ink flow 745) Requires wafer thinning 747) IJ01, IJ03, integrated circuit, and ink drops are ejected 743) Suitable for 746) Requires special handling IJ05, IJ06 circuit, from the rear surface of the pagewidth print during manufacture 748) IJ07, IJ08, reverse integrated circuit. 744) High nozzle packing IJ09, IJ10 (‘down density therefore low 749) IJ13, IJ14, shooter’) manufacturing cost IJ15, IJ16 750) IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25 751) IJ26 Through Ink flow is through the actuator, 752) Suitable for 753) Pagewidth print heads require 756) Epson Stylus actuator which is not fabricated as part of piezoelectric print heads several thousand connections to 757) Tektronix hot the same substrate as the drive drive circuits melt piezoelectric transistors. 754) Cannot be manufactured in ink jets standard CMOS fabs 755) Complex assembly required

INK TYPE Ink type Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Aqueous, dye Water based ink which typically 758) Environmentally 760) Slow drying 765) Most existing contains: water, dye, surfactant, friendly 761) Corrosive inkjets humectant, and biocide. 759) No odor 762) Bleeds on paper 766) All IJ series Modern ink dyes have high water- 763) May strikethrough ink jets fastness, light fastness 764) Cockles paper 767) Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 and related patent applications Aqueous, Water based ink which typically 768) Environmentally 773) Slow drying 778) IJ02, IJ04, pigment contains: water, pigment, friendly 774) Corrosive IJ21, IJ26 surfactant, humectant, and 769) No odor 775) Pigment may clog nozzles 779) IJ27, IJ30 biocide. 770) Reduced bleed 776) Pigment may clog actuator 780) Silverbrook, Pigments have an advantage in 771) Reduced wicking mechanisms EP 0771 658 A2 reduced bleed, wicking and 772) Reduced 777) Cockles paper and related patent strikethrough. strikethrough applications 781) Piezoelectric ink-jets 782) Thermal ink jets (with significant restrictions) Methyl Ethyl MEK is a highly volatile solvent 783) Very fast drying 785) Odorous 787) All IJ series Ketone (MEK) used for industrial printing on 784) Prints on various 786) Flammable ink jets difficult surfaces such as substrates such as metals aluminum cans. and plastics Alcohol Alcohol based inks can be used 788) Fast drying 792) Slight odor 794) All IJ series (ethanol, 2- where the printer must operate at 789) Operates at sub- 793) Flammable ink jets butanol, and temperatures below the freezing freezing temperatures others) point of water. An example of this 790) Reduced paper is in-camera consumer cockle photographic printing. 791) Low cost Phase change The ink is solid at room 795) No drying time-ink 801) High viscosity 807) Tektronix hot (hot melt) temperature, and is melted in the instantly freezes on the 802) Printed ink typically has a melt piezoelectric print head before jetting. Hot melt print medium ‘waxy’ feel ink jets inks are usually wax based, with a 796) Almost any print 803) Printed pages may ‘block’ 808) 1989 Nowak melting point around 80° C. After medium can be used 804) Ink temperature may be above U.S. Pat. No. jetting the ink freezes almost 797) No paper cockle the curie point of permanent 4,820,346 instantly upon contacting the print occurs magnets 809) All IJ series medium or a transfer roller. 798) No wicking occurs 805) Ink heaters consume power ink jets 799) No bleed occurs 806) Long warm-up time 800) No strikethrough occurs Oil Oil based inks are extensively 810) High solubility 813) High viscosity: this is a 815) All IJ series used in offset printing. They have medium for some dyes significant limitation for ink jets advantages in improved 811) Does not cockle use in inkjets, which usually characteristics on paper paper require a low viscosity. (especially no wicking or cockle). 812) Does not wick Some short chain and Oil soluble dies and pigments are through paper multi-branched oils have a required. sufficiently low viscosity. 814) Slow drying Microemulsion A microemulsion is a stable, self 816) Stops ink bleed 820) Viscosity higher than water 823) All IJ series forming emulsion of oil, water, 817) High dye solubility 821) Cost is slightly higher than ink jets and surfactant. The characteristic 818) Water, oil, and water based ink drop size is less than 100 nm, and amphiphilic soluble dies 822) High surfactant concentration is determined by the preferred can be used required (around 5%) curvature of the surfactant. 819) Can stabilize pigment suspensions Ink Jet Printing

A large number of new forms of ink jet printers have been developed to facilitate alternative ink jet technologies for the image processing and data distribution system. Various combinations of ink jet devices can be included in printer devices incorporated as part of the present invention. Australian Provisional Patent Applications relating to these ink jets which are specifically incorporated by cross reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian US Patent/Patent Provisional Application and Filing Number Filing Date Title Date PO8066 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,227,652 (IJ01) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8072 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,213,588 (IJ02) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8040 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,213,589 (IJ03) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8071 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,231,163 (IJ04) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8047 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,247,795 (IJ05) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8035 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,394,581 (IJ06) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8044 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,244,691 (IJ07) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8063 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,257,704 (IJ08) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8057 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,416,168 (IJ09) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8056 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,220,694 (IJ10) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8069 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,257,705 (IJ11) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8049 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,247,794 (IJ12) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8036 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,234,610 (IJ13) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8048 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,247,793 (IJ14) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8070 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,264,306 (IJ15) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8067 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,241,342 (IJ16) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8001 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,247,792 (IJ17) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8038 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,264,307 (IJ18) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8033 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,254,220 (IJ19) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8002 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,234,611 (IJ20) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8068 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,302,528) (IJ21) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8062 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,283,582 (IJ22) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8034 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,239,821 (IJ23) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8039 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,338,547 (IJ24) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8041 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,247,796 (IJ25) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8004 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 09/113,122 (IJ26) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8037 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,390,603 (IJ27) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8043 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,362,843 (IJ28) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8042 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,293,653 (IJ29) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8064 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,312,107 (IJ30) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9389 23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,227,653 (IJ31) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9391 23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,234,609 (IJ32) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0888 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,238,040 (IJ33) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0891 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,188,415 (IJ34) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0890 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,227,654 (IJ35) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0873 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,209,989 (IJ36) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0993 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,247,791 (IJ37) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0890 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,336,710 (IJ38) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP1398 19-Jan-98 An Image Creation Method and 6,217,153 Apparatus (IJ39) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP2592 25-Mar-98 An Image Creation Method and 6,416,167 Apparatus (IJ40) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP2593 25-Mar-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,243,113 (IJ41) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3991 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,283,581 (IJ42) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3987 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,247,790 (IJ43) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3985 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,260,953 (IJ44) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3983 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,267,469 (IJ45) (Jul. 10, 1998) Ink Jet Manufacturing

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor fabrication techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable manufacturing techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian US Patent/Patent Provisional Application and Filing Number Filing Date Title Date PO7935 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,224,780 Creation Apparatus (IJM01) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7936 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,235,212 Creation Apparatus (IJM02) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7937 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,280,643 Creation Apparatus (IJM03) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8061 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,284,147 Creation Apparatus (IJM04) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8054 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,214,244 Creation Apparatus (IJM05) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8065 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,071,750 Creation Apparatus (IJM06) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8055 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,267,905 Creation Apparatus (IJM07) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8053 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,251,298 Creation Apparatus (IJM08) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8078 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,258,285 Creation Apparatus (IJM09) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7933 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,225,138 Creation Apparatus (IJM10) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7950 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,241,904 Creation Apparatus (IJM11) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7949 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,299,786 Creation Apparatus (IJM12) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8060 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 09/113,124 Creation Apparatus (IJM13) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8059 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,231,773 Creation Apparatus (IJM14) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8073 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,190,931 Creation Apparatus (IJM15) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8076 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,248,249 Creation Apparatus (IJM16) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8075 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,290,862 Creation Apparatus (IJM17) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8079 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,241,906 Creation Apparatus (IJM18) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8050 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 09/113,116 Creation Apparatus (IJM19) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8052 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,241,905 Creation Apparatus (IJM20) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7948 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,451,216 Creation Apparatus (IJM21) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7951 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,231,772 Creation Apparatus (IJM22) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8074 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,274,056 Creation Apparatus (IJM23) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7941 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,290,861 Creation Apparatus (IJM24) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8077 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,248,248 Creation Apparatus (IJM25) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8058 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,306,671 Creation Apparatus (IJM26) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8051 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,331,258 Creation Apparatus (IJM27) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8045 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,110,754 Creation Apparatus (IJM28) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7952 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,294,101 Creation Apparatus (IJM29) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8046 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,416,679 Creation Apparatus (IJM30) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8503 11-Aug-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,264,849 Creation Apparatus (IJM30a) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9390 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,254,793 Creation Apparatus (IJM31) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9392 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,235,211 Creation Apparatus (IJM32) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0889 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,235,211 Creation Apparatus (IJM35) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0887 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,264,850 Creation Apparatus (IJM36) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0882 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,258,284 Creation Apparatus (IJM37) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0874 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,258,284 Creation Apparatus (IJM38) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP1396 19-Jan-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,228,668 Creation Apparatus (IJM39) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP2591 25-Mar-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,180,427 Creation Apparatus (IJM41) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3989 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,171,875 Creation Apparatus (IJM40) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3990 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,267,904 Creation Apparatus (IJM42) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3986 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,245,247 Creation Apparatus (IJM43) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3984 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,245,247 Creation Apparatus (IJM44) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3982 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image 6,231,148 Creation Apparatus (IJM45) (Jul. 10, 1998)

Fluid Supply

Further, the present application may utilize an ink delivery system to the ink jet head. Delivery systems relating to the supply of ink to a series of ink jet nozzles are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian US Patent/Patent Provisional Application Number Filing Date Title and Filing Date PO8003 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and 6,350,023 Apparatus (F1) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8005 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and 6,318,849 Apparatus (F2) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9404 23-Sep-97 A Device and Method 09/113,101 (F3) (Jul. 10, 1998) MEMS Technology

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor microelectromechanical techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable microelectromechanical techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian US Patent/Patent Provisional Application Number Filing Date Title and Filing Date PO7943 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS01) PO8006 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS02) 6,087,638 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8007 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS03) 09/113,093 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8008 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS04) 6,340,222 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8010 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS05) 6,041,600 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8011 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS06) 6,299,300 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7947 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS07) 6,067,797 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7945 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS08) 09/113,081 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7944 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS09) 6,286,935 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7946 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS10) 6,044,646 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9393 23-Sep-97 A Device and Method 09/113,065 (MEMS11) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0875 12-Dec-97 A Device (MEMS12) 09/113,078 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0894 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 09/113,075 (MEMS13) (Jul. 10, 1998) IR Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a disposable camera system such as those described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian US Patent/ Provisional Patent Application Number Filing Date Title and Filing Date PP0895 12-Dec-97 An Image Creation Method and 6,231,148 Apparatus (IR01) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0870 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR02) 09/113,106 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0869 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR04) 6,293,658 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0887 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and 09/113,104 Apparatus (IR05) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0885 12-Dec-97 An Image Production System (IR06) 6,238,033 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0884 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and 6,312,070 Apparatus (IR10) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0886 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and 6,238,111 Apparatus (IR12) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0871 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR13) 09/113,086 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0876 12-Dec-97 An Image Processing Method and 09/113,094 Apparatus (IR14) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0877 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR16) 6,378,970 (Jul. 10, 1998 PP0878 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR17) 6,196,739 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0879 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR18) 09/112,774 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0883 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR19) 6,270,182 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0880 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR20) 6,152,619 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0881 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR21) 09/113,092 (Jul. 10, 1998) DotCard Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a data distribution system such as that described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian US Patent/Patent Provisional Application Number Filing Date Title and Filing Date PP2370 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method 09/112,781 and Apparatus (Dot01) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP2371 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method 09/113,052 and Apparatus (Dot02) (Jul. 10, 1998 Artcam Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of camera and data processing techniques such as an Artcam type device as described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian Provisional US Patent/ Patent Number Filing Date Title Application and Filing Date PO7991 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/113,060 Apparatus (ART01) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7988 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 6,476,863 Apparatus (ART02) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7993 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/113,073 Apparatus (ART03) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9395 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and 6,322,181 Apparatus (ART04) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8017 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,747 Apparatus (ART06) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8014 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART07) 6,227,648 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8025 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,750 Apparatus (ART08) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8032 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,746 Apparatus (ART09) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7999 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,743 Apparatus (ART10) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7998 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,742 Apparatus (ART11) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8031 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,741 Apparatus (ART12) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8030 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART13) 6,196,541 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7997 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART15) 6,195,150 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7979 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART16) 6,362,868 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8015 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART17) 09/112,738 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7978 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART18) 09/113,067 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7982 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 6,431,669 Apparatus (ART19) (Jul. 10, 1998 PO7989 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 6,362,869 Apparatus (ART20) (Jul. 10, 1998 PO8019 15-Jul-97 Media Processing Method and 6,472,052 Apparatus (ART21) (Jul. 10, 1998 PO7980 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 6,356,715 Apparatus (ART22) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8018 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,777 Apparatus (ART24) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7938 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/113,224 Apparatus (ART25) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8016 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 6,366,693 Apparatus (ART26) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8024 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 6,329,990 Apparatus (ART27) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7940 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 09/113,072 Apparatus (ART28) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7939 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 09/112,785 Apparatus (ART29) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8501 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and 6,137,500 Apparatus (ART30) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8500 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,796 Apparatus (ART31) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7987 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 09/113,071 Apparatus (ART32) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8022 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 6,398,328 Apparatus (ART33) (Jul. 10, 1998 PO8497 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and 09/113,090 Apparatus (ART34) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8020 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 6,431,704 Apparatus (ART38) (Jul. 10, 1998 PO8023 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 09/113,222 Apparatus (ART39) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8504 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,786 Apparatus (ART42) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8000 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 6,415,054 Apparatus (ART43) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7977 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 09/112,782 Apparatus (ART44) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7934 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 09/113,056 Apparatus (ART45) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7990 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 09/113,059 Apparatus (ART46) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8499 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and 6,486,886 Apparatus (ART47) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8502 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and 6,381,361 Apparatus (ART48) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7981 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 6,317,192 Apparatus (ART50) (Jul. 10, 1998 PO7986 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 09/113,057 Apparatus (ART51) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7983 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and 09/113,054 Apparatus (ART52) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8026 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,752 Apparatus (ART53) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8027 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,759 Apparatus (ART54) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8028 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and 09/112,757 Apparatus (ART56) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9394 23-Sep-97 Image Processing Method and 6,357,135 Apparatus (ART57) (Jul. 10, 1998 PO9396 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and 09/113,107 Apparatus (ART58) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9397 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and 6,271,931 Apparatus (ART59) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9398 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and 6,353,772 Apparatus (ART60) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9399 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and 6,106,147 Apparatus (ART61) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9400 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and 09/112,790 Apparatus (ART62) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9401 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and 6,304,291 Apparatus (ART63) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9402 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and 09/112,788 Apparatus (ART64) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9403 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and 6,305,770 Apparatus (ART65) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9405 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and 6,289,262 Apparatus (ART66) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0959 16-Dec-97 A Data Processing Method and 6,315,200 Apparatus (ART68) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP1397 19-Jan-98 A Media Device (ART69) 6,217,165 (Jul. 10, 1998) 

1. An ink supply cartridge for a printhead assembly having a printhead integrated circuit (IC) and a guide assembly for guiding ink to the IC, the ink supply cartridge comprising: a U-shaped top portion defining side walls; and a base portion for complementarily receiving the top portion so that the side walls define elongate ink reservoirs together with the base portion, wherein the base portion includes an end portion defining a series of air inlets with convoluted winding channels leading to the ink reservoirs, said channels hydrophobically treated to prevent ink escaping from the channels, wherein the base portion is shaped and dimensioned to receive the guide assembly so that the ink reservoirs are in fluid communication with the IC.
 2. The ink supply cartridge of claim 1, wherein each ink reservoir includes a sponge-type material to stabilize ink in said reservoirs and to inhibit ink from moving around in the reservoirs.
 3. The ink supply cartridge of claim 1, wherein the end portion includes a removable adhesive tape portion that seals the channels. 